Both a major pioneer in computer science and a rear admiral in the United States Navy, Grace Hopper reinvented computer coding, utilising English words in machine coding for the first time to make the process more user friendly and accessible. Through her time developing the early UNIVAC I computer, she developed the first programming language based on English words, she released a similar language called FLOW-MATIC which went on to become the Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL), one of the most widely used languages. Her contributions to computer science are so important Hopper has a Naval Destroyer named after her, a college in Yale University named after her, had 40 honorary degrees from universities internationally, various other medals and awards and even coined the term “debugging”.
As a chemist Hodgkin pioneered research in deducing and modelling the structure of complex organic molecules in a process known as X-ray crystallography. Hodgkin’s interest in chemical structures stemmed from her childhood when she first read of X-rays being used to “see” atoms and molecules in “Concerning the Nature of Things” (Henry Bragg). Hodgkin later studied at Oxford and Cambridge in the UK where she used the relatively new technology of X-ray crystallography on organic compounds to determine the structure of penicillin and insulin. She went on to become the third woman to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for her work in determining the structure of the most chemically complex vitamin, Vitamin B12, in 1964, and became involved in various humanitarian efforts involving scientists and the sciences.
sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin
An early Palaeontologist, Mary Anning grew up in Lyme Regis in the United Kingdom, near cliffs filled Jurassic fossils in a time where fossil collecting was transitioning from a hobby into a science in the late 19th and early 20th century, and Anning had a large role to play in that. Anning supported herself selling fossils but later assisted renowned geologists and palaeontologists with digs in the region, at a time when women were not even allowed to vote and working class people were rarely given credit for fossil discoveries. Having made numerous discoveries it was Anning’s Plesiosaur specimens that proved to be key scientific evidence for extinction, and various specimens lead to George Cuvier’s, at the time controversial, suggestion that there had been a historic “age of reptiles”. The massive amount of specimens and evidence Anning acquired was often used and quoted without reference in her lifetime and it was only following her death that light was shed on her story with a book compiled by Charles Darwin.
Through dedicating her life to scientific research Barbara McClintock discovered genetic transposition by producing the first map of the maize genome becoming the only woman to receive an unshared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983. McClintock’s discoveries were only recognised around the late stages of her career and following her retirement, through the discovery of genes being transposed to different positions on a chromosome in bacteria and yeast by different researchers. Such observations have been vital in scientists understanding of the mechanisms of genes in the process of genetic evolution and McClintock was awarded a variety of awards and honours, even having a McClintock Prize named in her honour.
Hamilton was a programmer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology when the University entered into their first contract with NASA’s Apollo program, she assumed position as lead Software Engineer for the Apollo 11 mission to the moon. The source code for the flight software of the Apollo 11 mission was comprised of thousands of lines of assembly language programming stored on core rope memory, an esoteric low-level programming language stored on a series of ferrite core transformers. Hamilton went on to start software companies throughout the 70’s and 80’s, and was awarded special recognition from NASA in 2003 and the presidential Medal of Freedom by United States President Barak Obama in 2016 amongst others awards. nasa.gov/feature/margaret-hamilton-apollo-software-engineer-awarded-presidential-medal-of-freedom apolloartifacts.com/2008/01/rope-memory-mod.html
Meitner was a Jewish Physicist who was the first woman to become a full professor of physics in Germany, and was one of a few scientists to discover the nuclear fission reaction of uranium when studying its radioactive decay. She lost her position at the Kaiser Wilheim Institute in Berlin due to the Nazi occupation in 1945, and fled to Sweden. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to another scientist for the nuclear fission research Meitner was involved with in 1944. Following her death she received many posthumous honours, as a result of the injustice of her not being included in the 1944 Nobel Prize, and even has a chemical element named after her, meitnerium.
As one of the first female astronomers of history, Caroline Hershel started work in the field by assisting her brother, but she became increasingly interested and following his marriage she continued to make her own discoveries independently. Due to this independent work she became the first woman to be paid for scientific research in an era when men were rarely paid for investigative science also. Her work, a record of around 500 new nebulae which she to a structured list of 2500 celestial objects, formed the basis for the New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, the catalogue of all known objects of space that is still in use today.